XXStJgy6TjxzSxKL77&690' alt='Irradiance Map Viewer' title='Irradiance Map Viewer' />India Solar Resource Maps Data updated March 2016 This page provides solar resource maps and data for India. The 10kilometer km hourly solar resource data were. A look at Megalodon The Monster Shark Lives on Discovery Channels Shark Week. Theres a disturbing lack of information on Collin Drake and other events. Categorised list of freely available GIS datasets. Includes everything from administrative boundaries to population, and from terrorist incidents to global vegetation. ZS2gec8PTbk/ULtI9Om3gLI/AAAAAAAAASA/j4e7A2U6Xh4/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg' alt='Irradiance Map Viewer' title='Irradiance Map Viewer' />Landsat 8 Wikipedia. Landsat 8. Landsat 8 during ground testing. Mission type. Earth imaging. Operator. NASA USGSCOSPAR ID2. ASATCAT no. 3. 90. Websitelandsat. usgs. Mission duration. Elapsed 4 years, 9 months, 4 days. Spacecraft properties. Bus. LEOStar 3. Manufacturer. Orbital Sciences primeBall Aerospace OLINASAGSFC TIRSLaunch mass. Dry mass. 1,5. 12 kilograms 3,3. Start of mission. Launch date. 11 February 2. UTC1. 8 0. 2Z UTCRocket. Atlas V 4. 01 AV 0. Launch site. Vandenberg. SLC 3. EContractor. Spiralling global temperatures. Click for full size animated version. The animated spiral presents global temperature change in a visually appealing and. Pumping PV systems. PV systems are implemented deep well, pumping from lake or river, and pressurization for water distribution. These may be simulated. The rest of this page is dedicated to providing information related to the books contents new techniques, worthwhile websites, etc. After coverage of books and. Sound City Real To Reel Zip'>Sound City Real To Reel Zip. United Launch Alliance. Entered service. 30 May 2. Orbital parameters. Reference system. Geocentric. Regime. Sun synchronous. Semi major axis. Eccentricity. 0. 0. Perigee. 70. 1. 0 kilometers 4. Apogee. 70. 3. 0 kilometers 4. Inclination. 98. 2. Period. 98. 8 minutes. RAAN2. 19. 1. 49. Argument of perigee. Mean anomaly. 26. Mean motion. 14. 5. Epoch. 28 May 2. 01. UTC2Landsat 8 is an American. Earth observationsatellite launched on February 1. It is the eighth satellite in the Landsat program the seventh to reach orbit successfully. Originally called the Landsat Data Continuity Mission LDCM, it is a collaboration between NASA and the United States Geological Survey USGS. NASAGoddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, provided development, mission systems engineering, and acquisition of the launch vehicle while the USGS provided for development of the ground systems and will conduct on going mission operations. The satellite was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, who served as prime contractor for the mission. The spacecrafts instruments were constructed by Ball Aerospace and NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center,4 and its launch was contracted to United Launch Alliance. During the first 1. LDCM underwent checkout and verification by NASA and on 3. May 2. 01. 3 operations were transferred from NASA to the USGS when LDCM was officially renamed to Landsat 8. NASAs Earth Observing Fleet including Landsat 8. HistoryeditThe original Landsat 8 plans called for NASA to purchase data meeting Landsat 8 specifications from a commercially owned and operated satellite system however, after an evaluation of proposals received from industry, NASA cancelled the Request for Proposals in September 2. In August 2. 00. 4, a memorandum from the White House. Office of Science and Technology Policy OSTP directed Federal agencies to place Landsat type sensors on the National Polar orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System NPOESS platform. Following an evaluation of the technical complexity of this task, the strategy was adjusted and on December 2. OSTP issued a memorandum directing NASA to implement the Landsat 8 in the form of a free flyer spacecraft carrying an instrument referred to as the Operational Land Imager OLI. In December 2. 00. TIRS to the mission payload. Landsat 8 launches atop an Atlas VThe satellite was launched aboard an Atlas V 4. Extended Payload Fairing. The launch took place at 1. UTC 1. 0 0. 2 PST on 1. February 2. 01. 3, from Space Launch Complex 3. E at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Seventy eight minutes and thirty seconds later, the spacecraft separated from the Atlas V upper stage, successfully completing the launch. First images from the spacecraft were collected on March 1. Landsat 8 joins Landsat 7 on orbit, providing increased coverage of the Earths surface. Mission overvieweditWith Landsat 5 retiring in early 2. Landsat 7 as the only on orbit Landsat program satellite, Landsat 8 ensures the continued acquisition and availability of Landsat data utilizing a two sensor payload, the Operational Land Imager OLI and the Thermal Infra. Red Sensor TIRS. Respectively, these two instruments collect image data for nine shortwave bands and two longwave thermal bands. The satellite was developed with a 5. Landsat 8 consists of three key mission and science objectives Collect and archive medium resolution 3. Ensure that Landsat 8 data are sufficiently consistent with data from the earlier Landsat missions in terms of acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage characteristics, spectral characteristics, output product quality, and data availability to permit studies of landcover and land use change over time Distribute Landsat 8 data products to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis at no cost to the user. Technical detailsedit. The picture is satellite image of irrigated crops and Kahov irrigation canal. It is captured 7 Aug 2. Landsat. 8 OLI. The image is created as True Color Composite, where R Red Band 0. G Green Band 0. B Blue Band 0. This band combination is suitable for crop monitoring. For emphasizing characteristics, the image was pan sharpened by panchromatic band. Nonlinear adaptive procedure of contrasting was applied too. First image from Landsat 8. The area is Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and the image is shown in natural color using the Operational Land Imager OLI spectral bands 2 blue, 3 green, and 4 red. First image from Landsat 8. The area is Fort Collins, Colorado, USA and the image is from the Operational Land Imager OLI spectral bands 3 green, 5 near infrared, and 7 short wave infrared 2 displayed as blue, green and red, respectively. Providing moderate resolution imagery, from 1. Earths land surface and polar regions, Landsat 8 operates in the visible, near infrared, short wave infrared, and thermal infrared spectrums. Landsat 8 captures more than 7. Landsat 7. The OLI and TIRS sensors will see improved signal to noise SNR radiometric performance, enabling 1. Planned parameters for Landsat 8 standard products7Product type Level 1. T terrain correctedOutput format Geo. TIFFPixel size 1. Map projection UTM Polar Stereographic for AntarcticaDatum WGS 8. Orientation North up mapResampling Cubic convolution. Accuracy. OLI 1. TIRS 4. SpacecrafteditThe Landsat 8 spacecraft was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation, under contract to NASA, and uses Orbitals standard LEOStar 3 satellite bus. Orbital was responsible for the design and manufacture of the Landsat 8 spacecraft bus, the integration of the customer furnished payload instruments, and full observatory testing, including environmental and EMIEMC. The spacecraft supplies power, orbit and attitude control, communications, and data storage for OLI and TIRS. All components, except for the propulsion module, are mounted on the exterior of the primary structure. A single deployable solar array generates power for the spacecraft components and charges the spacecrafts 1. Ni H2 battery. A 3. X band antenna transmits OLI and TIRS data either in real time or played back from the data recorder. The OLI and TIRS are mounted on an optical bench at the forward end of the spacecraft. Operational Land ImagereditLandsat 8s Operational Land Imager OLI improves on past Landsat sensors and was built, under contract to NASA, by Ball Aerospace. OLI uses a technological approach demonstrated by the Advanced Land Imager sensor flown on NASAs experimental EO 1 satellite. The OLI instrument uses a pushbroom sensor instead of whiskbroom sensors that were utilized on earlier Landsat satellites. The pushbroom sensor aligns the imaging detector arrays along Landsat 8s focal plane allowing it to view across the entire swath, 1. With over 7,0. 00 detectors per spectral band, the pushbroom design results in increased sensitivity, fewer moving parts, and improved land surface information. Albedo Wikipedia. Percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight in relation to various surface conditions. Albedo is a measure for reflectance or optical brightness Latinalbedo, whiteness of a surface. It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from zero corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation to one corresponding to a white body that reflects all incident radiation. Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of irradiance reflected to the irradiance received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earths surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location and time see Position of the Sun. While bi hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence i. The temporal resolution may range from seconds as obtained from flux measurements to daily, monthly or annual averages. Unless given for a specific wavelength spectral albedo, albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface approximately between 0. This spectrum includes visible light 0. Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management e. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED program for sustainable rating of buildings. The average albedo of the Earth at the top of the atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 3. The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1. Photometria. Terrestrial albedoeditSample albedos. Surface. Typicalalbedo. Fresh asphalt. 0. Open ocean. 0. 0. Worn asphalt. 0. 1. Conifer forestSummer0. Deciduous trees. 0. Bare soil. 0. 1. 78Green grass. Desert sand. 0. 4. New concrete. 0. 5. Ocean ice. 0. 50. Lietuviska Muzika 2010. Fresh snow. 0. 8. Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0. Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body. When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms. Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0. The average albedo of Earth is about 0. This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds. Earths surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASAs MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS. As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional hemispherical reflectance and bi hemispherical reflectance e. These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function BRDF, which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle. Thereby, the BRDF allows to translate observations of reflectance into albedo. Earths average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about 1. C. If Earth were frozen entirely and hence be more reflective, the average temperature of the planet would drop below 4. C. 1. 3 If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the planet would drop to about 0 C. In contrast, if the entire Earth was covered by water a so called aquaplanet the average temperature on the planet would rise to almost 2. C. 1. 5White sky and black sky albedoeditFor land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith anglei can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms the directional hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, idisplaystyle bar alpha theta i, and the bi hemispherical reflectance, displaystyle bar bar alpha, with D1displaystyle D 1 being the proportion of direct radiation from a given solar angle, and Ddisplaystyle D being the proportion of diffuse illumination. Hence, the actual albedo displaystyle alpha also called blue sky albedo can then be given as 1DiD. Dbar alpha theta iDbar bar alpha. Directional hemispherical reflectance is sometimes referred to as black sky albedo and bi hemispherical reflectance as white sky albedo. These terms are important because they allow the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the surface. Astronomical albedoeditThe albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle phase angle, and variation in time comprises a major part of the astronomical field of photometry. For small and far objects that cannot be resolved by telescopes, much of what we know comes from the study of their albedos. For example, the absolute albedo can indicate the surface ice content of outer Solar System objects, the variation of albedo with phase angle gives information about regolith properties, whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal content in asteroids. Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known albedos of any body in the Solar System, with 9. Installing Decal On Windows 7'>Installing Decal On Windows 7. EM radiation reflected. Another notable high albedo body is Eris, with an albedo of 0. Many small objects in the outer Solar System1. A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0. Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds. The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0. Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System bodies. Two common albedos that are used in astronomy are the V band geometric albedo measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer and the Bond albedo measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected. Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source of confusion. In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke parameters which semi empirically describe the variation of albedo with phase angle, including a characterization of the opposition effect of regolith surfaces. The correlation between astronomical geometric albedo, absolute magnitude and diameter is 2. A1. 32. 91. 0H5. D2displaystyle Aleftfrac 1. H5Dright2,where Adisplaystyle A is the astronomical albedo, Ddisplaystyle D is the diameter in kilometers, and Hdisplaystyle H is the absolute magnitude. Examples of terrestrial albedo effectseditIlluminationeditAlthough the albedotemperature effect is best known in colder, whiter regions on Earth, the maximum albedo is actually found in the tropics where year round illumination is greater.